AGROBIOTOP also has a research and development (R&D) activity which is based on the expertise developed by the two entities SPN AGROBIO and OXYBIOTOP which merged to give birth to AGROBIOTOP:

This expertise is linked to the knowledge developed by the two entities SPN AGROBIO and OXYBIOTOP which merged to create AGROBIOTOP:

• The first SPN AGROBIO  : in the field of knowledge of plants and their active ingredients, to be able to formulate targeted and effective products based on field issues, as well as in the field of knowledge of diseases and pests present on crops.
• The second OXYBIOTOP  : in the field of knowledge and modes of action of soils and products stimulating the chemical, physical and biological fertility of soils, in particular with a product based on activated silica.

AGROBIOTOP, through the merger of these two entities, has been able to develop expertise and an agrobiological center enabling it to respond to requests coming from the field through its customers.

Context of Agrobiotop R&D

The main context of R&D projects is that of reducing the use of plant protection products but also, in general, of chemical products (including fertilizers) with the aim of protecting the environment and the health of users and consumers.

Reduction targets set by evolving public policies vs. strong societal demand

This objective is well and truly anchored in public policies:

In France, an interministerial plan to reduce risks linked to pesticides was adopted in 2006 and enabled the establishment of regulations on the conditions of use of these products (personal protection, meteorological conditions of application, conditions of reprocessing of effluents and tank bottoms, etc.).

In 2007, the Grenelle Environment Forum highlighted the need to limit the use of plant protection products by 50% over a decade. This objective gave rise to the Ecophyto I plan (2018) in 2008, which centralized all the actions to achieve this objective by 2018 and which included 9 axes and 114 actions.

Despite the implementation of the Ecophyto I plan, the NODU increased by 5% between the three-year average of 2009-2011 and that of 2011-2013.

Halfway through the Ecophyto I plan, in order to make an interim assessment and identify possible avenues for improvement, MP Dominique Pottier submitted a report entitled “Pesticides and agroecology, the fields of possibilities” to the Prime Minister in 2014.

This resulted in 2015 in a new version of the Ecophyto plan (II) which revised the objective of reducing the use of plant protection products by 50% by 2025 (vs 2018) and introduced new measures.

At the European level, the Green Deal adopted in May 2020 sets the objective of reducing pesticides in European agriculture by 50% by 2030.

A new Ecophyto 2030 plan (or Ecophyto III, the fourth since 2009) is under public consultation. The 50% reduction target has not only been postponed again (to 2030), but it is based on the period 2015-2017, during which pesticide use was at its peak, and no longer 2009 as initially planned.

In France, the national strategy for the deployment of biocontrol adopted on 10/11/2020 highlights different axes to be deployed for the development of biocontrol products, an alternative to classic plant protection products.

Societal demand is very strong, whether from producers who are looking for solutions, consumers who want less and less “chemicals” and citizens who are putting pressure on farmers.

Organic farming market dynamics slowed down:

The figures announced on June 1, 2023 by the Organic Agency for the year 2022 confirm the major trends that began in 2021: purchases of organic food products are down 4.6%, and the share of organic products in the French shopping basket stands at 6%, compared to 6.4% in 2021.

This overall development must be differentiated according to the means of distribution and according to the sectors:

• While organic specialist stores are experiencing a significant decline (-8.6%), as are mass retailers (-4.6%), direct sales at farms and markets are increasing (+3.9%).
• Sales of organic wine continue to grow (+2%), while meat (-13%) and fruit (-7%) are experiencing the most significant declines.

The number of organic farms and the number of organic hectares continues to increase but at a lower level:

In 2022, the milestone of 60,000 farms committed to organic farming (certified or in conversion) was reached, representing 14.2% of French farms. With +3.5%, the number of producers committed to organic farming continues to grow in 2022, but at a lower rate than in 2021 (+9%). Among the certification stops recorded in 2022, it appears that half of the stops are due to retirements, and not to a change in the choice of farm management. 

In 2022, the total area of ​​AB certified land amounts to 2.88 million hectares , which represents 10.7% of the UAA and an increase of 4% compared to 2021. This makes France, for the second consecutive year, the leading organic area in Europe. No one cultivates more organic land in Europe, and only Germany has a larger market in terms of turnover. But this is linked to France’s total useful agricultural area, which is first at EU level. If we look at the share of organic area in the total UAA, France falls to 13th place in a ranking dominated by Austria and its 26.5% of organic areas.

In 2022, the balance between conversions (5,330 farms, -30.8%) and deconversions (3,290 farms, -31%) reflected a real slowdown in the conversion dynamic but it was still positive.

If we look at the 2023 projections: Philippe Camburet, president of the Fnab, indicates that ”  2023 risks being the year of decline for organic farming in France  “. According to Philippe Camburet, France had 60,088 certified organic farms as of August 31, 2023, compared to 60,483 as of December 31, 2022, a very slight erosion, but an erosion all the same, potentially the first in the history of organic farming. At the same time, we have also seen the implementation of concepts such as agroecology and labels such as HVE (High Environmental Value) but also numerous specifications specific to each sector (e.g. CRC (Reasoned Cereal Cultivation), etc.).

France’s figures within the EU in terms of use of plant protection products:

Indicator 1: Changes in total quantities of active substances sold by type of use

After having decreased by 43% between 2018 and 2019, the quantities of active substances sold not included in organic farming uses or in the context of biocontrol increased by 23% between 2019 and 2020, reaching 44,036 tonnes in provisional 2020 data, i.e. 20% below the 2012-2017 average. 

The three-year average, which allows us to better assess trends, continues to fall: 

• -5.7% in 2018-2020 compared to 2017-2019; 
• – 9.1% in 2018-2020 compared to 2009-2011, the first three-year period of the Écophyto plan. 

This three-year average is the lowest observed in 10 years.

It is necessary to emphasize that the quantities of active substances sold do not reflect either the quantities actually applied or the period of application of the treatments. Thus, the increase in the fee for diffuse pollution on January 1, 2019 probably led some farmers to store plant protection products at the end of 2018 in order to anticipate this increase, generating a marked increase in sales in 2018 followed by a particularly significant drop in 2019. Such a phenomenon can also explain the change in glyphosate sales observed in 2020, where the Government’s announcements may have led to an increase in sales for storage.

Sales of products that can be used in organic farming and biocontrol products are confirming their upward trend: provisional data for 2020 make it the second highest year after 2018 and the three-year average is the highest recorded, with an increase of 20% compared to the three-year average 2015-2017.

Indicator 2a: change in quantities sold of substances classified as CMR 1 as of January 1, 2017

The decline in the quantities of substances classified as CMR 1 on 1 January 2017 has become significantly more pronounced since 2018. In 2020, these substances were reduced by 93% compared to their 2016 level.

Indicator 2b: changes in the proportions of CMR 1 and CMR 2 substances in sales of active substances contained in plant protection products

Between 2019 and 2020, the proportion of active substances classified as CMR 1 among all substances decreased significantly, from 3.8% to 1.6%, while that of active substances classified as CMR 2 remained rather stable at 10.6%.

The evolution of NODU: the Ecophyto II+ plant monitoring indicator

In order to assess the progress of the Écophyto plan and changes in the use of plant protection products, an indicator for monitoring the use of plant protection products has been defined with all stakeholders, this is the NODU : “Nombre de Doses Unités”. Calculated from the sales data of plant protection product distributors (from the National Sales Bank of Plant Protection Product Distributors (BNV-d), the NODU corresponds to the surface area that would be treated annually at the maximum approved doses. In relation to the French agricultural area, it corresponds to the number of treatments applied at full dose on an area of ​​one hectare. It does not require substitutions of active substances by new substances effective at lower doses since, for each substance, the quantity applied is related to a unit dose (DU) specific to it.

The NODU includes all plant protection products, with the exception of biocontrol products. After a 23% increase between 2017 and 2018, the 2019 NODU stands at 78.8 Mha, down 37% compared to 2018 and 12% since 2009. 

The sharp rise in NODU 2018 is due to a combination of factors including: 

• 2018 climatic conditions favorable to fungal diseases in spring and insects during summer and; 
• an increase in the fee on phytosanitary products on January 1, 2019, which undoubtedly led to anticipated purchases at the end of 2018 (stock effect). 

Also, the decrease in the 2019 NODU can be explained by the consumption of stocks accumulated in 2018 as well as generally good growing conditions in 2019 which limited the development of diseases and pest populations.

NODU “agricultural uses”:

The NODU “agricultural uses” includes all products subject to agricultural uses, with the exception of biocontrol products. The 2019 NODU stands at 78.6 million hectares (Mha). After a 24% increase in the NODU in 2018, it fell by 37% in 2019. 

Compared to the total UAA excluding permanent grassland, the 2019 NODU corresponds to 4.1 full-dose treatments per hectare (compared to 6.5 in 2018).

The decrease in the three-year average in 2019 is 9% after an increase of 7% in 2018. This is the largest decrease in the NODU three-year average since 2017.

NODU “non-agricultural areas”:

The NODU for non-agricultural areas includes the use of plant protection products on gardens, green spaces and infrastructure (JEVI), whether for professional or amateur use. Like the NODU “agricultural uses”, the NODU “non-agricultural areas” does not include biocontrol products.

Law No. 2014-110 known as “Labbé” has banned the sale of plant protection products to individuals since January 1, 2019, with the exception of biocontrol products (not taken into account in the calculation of the NODU) and products authorized in organic farming. The 2019 NODU “non-agricultural areas” (gardens, green spaces and infrastructure (JEVI)), including both professional and amateur uses, stands at 176,400 ha, a sharp drop of 67% compared to 2018. Following the restrictions on use for individuals, the share of amateur uses of the 2019 NODU “non-agricultural areas” is down: it goes from 73% (390,000 ha) in 2018 to 40% (71,300 ha) in 2019.

The 2019 NODU “agricultural uses” linked to CMRs represents more than 99% of the total 2019 NODU linked to CMRs and is broken down as follows: 

• CMR 1 : 2.8 Mha (i.e. 4% of the 2019 NODU “agricultural uses”) down 67% compared to 2018 
• CMR 2 : 13.6 Mha (i.e. 17% of the 2019 NODU “agricultural uses”) down 46% compared to 2018

The “agricultural uses” NODUs associated with CMRs have been decreasing since 2009 (-73% for CMR 1 and –28% for CMR 2 between 2009 and 2019) as well as the share associated with them in the “agricultural uses” NODU (-8 points for CMR 1 and –4 points for CMR 2). 

The observed declines are partly explained by the European effort to ban the sale and use of active substances considered to be of greatest concern. Thus, between 2017 and 2020, 10 substances classified as CMR 1 out of 17 were banned.

France within the EU:

In 2021, if we look at the use of pesticides for agricultural uses in the EU: France ranks second (69,602T) after Spain (76,174T) and ahead of Italy (50,345T) and Germany (49,071T). However, this figure must be related to the size of the agricultural area, with France having the largest in the European Union ahead of Spain. If we therefore look at the use of pesticides in relation to the agricultural area, in 2021, France with 3.7kg/ha ranks 12th ⁱⁿ the EU (of the 27) and is just above the European average (3.5kg/ha) ( FAO data ). In 2018 it was 4.3 kilograms of pesticides per hectare of cultivated land (compared to 3.1 kg on average for the EU). The largest consumers in relation to their area are the Netherlands (10.9 kg/ha), Cyprus (9.2 kg/ha), Malta (8.1 kg/ha), Ireland (7.1 kg/ha) and Belgium (6.4 kg/ha). The lowest uses per hectare are found in Romania (0.6 kg/ha), Sweden (0.7 kg/ha) and Lithuania (1.1 kg/ha).

Moreover, even among the products that can be used in organic farming, issues of toxicity and ecotoxicity of these products have been raised over the course of their use and the knowledge acquired, among others this is the case of copper.

Specific problem of copper:

Copper is a crop protection product that can be used in organic farming . However, its accumulation in agricultural soils following its use (in the form of Bordeaux mixture) to combat mildew in Europe has led to copper levels in wine-growing soils of up to 200 or even 500 mg/kg compared to 3 to 100 mg/kg in natural soils, the maximum value tolerated by the EU in agricultural soils being 150 mg/kg. It has recognized phytotoxic effects on the growth and development of most plants: induction of chlorosis and reduction of biomass, as well as deleterious effects on soil microbial communities (in acidic soils: it impacts microbial life from 30 to 50 mg of Cu/kg DM and in carbonate soils from 50 to 100 mg of Cu/kg DM). It is also toxic to soil fauna (springtails), earthworms (chronic toxicity: measurable impacts on the reproduction and physiology of worms), and fungal species used as biocontrol agents (e.g. Beauveria bassina).

This has led to a limitation of the quantities of copper authorised in agriculture since 2019. Indeed, the renewal of the European approval of the active substance “copper compounds” introduced, from 1 ^January 2019, a limitation of the total quantity applicable over the 7 years of approval. Regardless of the purpose of use, this quantity must not exceed 28 kg of copper per hectare over the 7 years. This modality provides the possibility of authorising a “smoothing” around the annual average of 4 kg of copper/ha when the request is made by the marketer in its marketing authorisation application (MA) file and when the assessment is favourable. Finally, the European regulations relating to organic farming have recently been amended. The possibility for Member States to authorise “smoothing” for perennial crops up to a limit of 30 kg/ha over a rolling 5-year period was removed in December 2019. From now on, the conditions of use of copper are therefore the same in organic farming and conventional farming and are specified in the marketing authorisations. Depending on the products and pending the renewal of authorisations, this is either a maximum quantity of 4 kg/ha/year or a maximum quantity of 28 kg/ha over the period 2019-2025.

Therefore, in this context it is essential to find natural solutions as alternatives to conventional plant protection products but also to the use of copper in agriculture (conventional and organic).

Legislative context for reducing the use of plant protection products and implementation of the CEPP system (Phytopharmaceutical Product Savings Certificates):

The Certificates of Economy of Phytopharmaceutical Products (CEPP) are a measure of the Ecophyto II plan and are presented in action 1 of axis 1 of this plan. The principle of experimentation was chosen until 2022 to set up the system and create a robust reference framework of standardized actions. For the sake of consistency, the CEPP system is also defined in article 55 of the LAAF (Future Law for Agriculture, Food and Forestry) published in October 2014.

The CEPP system is the result of preliminary work based on the experience and success of energy saving certificates (CEE).

The system imposes an obligation of means on distributors of plant protection products (the “obligated parties”). In practice, the obligated parties undertake to advise the implementation of standardized actions that save on plant protection products in exchange for the supporting documents on the basis of which they receive certificates. However, if the practice does not allow the expected savings to be made, this is not the responsibility of the distributor or the farmer. This is the difference between an obligation of means and an obligation of results.

At the end of the five-year experiment, the obligated parties must have accumulated for the year 2021 the certificates necessary to achieve their objective (which depend on their volume of sales of plant protection products), failing which they will be exposed to a penalty.

Farmers implement standardized actions in the field. Standardized actions are not necessarily direct changes to treatment routes; they can also promote profound changes in practices (crop diversification, modification of rotations), and take paths related to an improvement in efficiency (E), a substitution (S) of a plant protection substance by an alternative practice, or a more profound redesign (R) (ESR concept). The main thing is to be able to link the action to an estimated reduction in impact via a quantifiable element of evidence.

Two main regulatory texts govern the system and describe its operation: Ordinance 2015-1244 of October 7, 2015 and Decree 2016-1166 of August 26, 2016

In addition, in spring 2023 the strategic action plan for the anticipation of the potential European withdrawal of active substances and the development of alternative techniques for crop protection was launched. This system, known by the acronym PARSADA, is intended to give visibility to professional players and to identify new levers to protect crops. On December 18, 2023, a first operational step with the launch of a call for expressions of interest (AMI) associated with 14 initial action plans responding to the specific challenges of the sectors was launched. The AMIs identify the issues of interest by sector, some examples: 

• In the vineyard:

The Vine Task Force has carried out work to identify critical uses based on the list of 75 active substances that may not be renewed. This work resulted in identifying two priority uses (mildew and black rot) that are the subject of phase 1 of the vine action plan.

As a preamble, it should be remembered that these two diseases can cause very significant crop destruction. The 2023 campaign perfectly illustrates this risk with destruction of more than 30% of the harvest on the scale of certain production basins (Bordeaux and South-West).

Currently, mildew management is mainly carried out by the application of plant protection products. It requires on average 8 applications per year, with significant disparities between years and production areas, and therefore represents a significant part of the sector’s dependence on plant protection products.

Finally, concerning black rot, this bioaggressor is on the rise in most production basins. One of the causes of this presence is undoubtedly linked to the withdrawal of certain molecules (used on mildew or powdery mildew) which were effective on black rot. In fact, the bioaggressor was controlled as part of the mildew and powdery mildew control strategy. With the withdrawal of uses, black rot becomes a disease to be managed in its own right.

• In organic farming:

Copper is often a major and pivotal axis in the fungal protection of a certain number of productions, whether it is vines, arboriculture, market gardening or vegetable crops such as potatoes. But beyond the sole question of alternatives to Copper, it seems important to consider a global approach to fungal diseases and undoubtedly pests in a global manner.

Problem of greenhouse gas emission reductions and carbon storage in soils

European and French Policies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

As part of the European Green Deal, with the European Climate Law, the EU has set itself the binding target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 . To achieve this, current levels of greenhouse gas emissions must decrease significantly over the coming decades. As an interim step towards climate neutrality, the EU has raised its climate ambition for 2030, committing to reduce its emissions by at least 55% by 2030 .

The EU is currently working, as part of the Fit for 55 package, on revising its climate, energy and transport legislation to align current texts with the ambitions set for 2030 and 2050. A number of new initiatives are also included in the package.

At the French level, the Energy Transition Law for Green Growth (LTECV) sets French targets for reducing GHG emissions of:

• 40% between 1990 and 2030
• Divide by 4 between 1990 and 2050

The National Low-Carbon Strategy (SNBC) is France’s roadmap to combat climate change. It provides guidelines for implementing the transition to a low-carbon, circular and sustainable economy in all sectors of activity. It defines a trajectory for reducing greenhouse gas emissions up to 2050 and sets short- to medium-term objectives: carbon budgets. It has two ambitions: to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and to reduce the carbon footprint of French consumption. First adopted in 2015, the SNBC was revised in 2018-2019, with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 (an ambition raised compared to the first SNBC which aimed for a factor of 4, i.e. a 75% reduction in its GHG emissions by 2050 compared to 1990).

By signing the Paris Agreement , countries committed to limiting the increase in average temperature to 2°C, and if possible 1.5°C. To do this, they committed, in accordance with the recommendations of the IPCC , to achieving carbon neutrality during the second half of the 21st century at the global level. Developed countries are called upon to achieve neutrality as quickly as possible. France had committed, with the first National Low-Carbon Strategy adopted in 2015, to divide its GHG emissions by 4 by 2050 compared to 1990.

In July 2017, the Ministry of Ecological and Inclusive Transition presented France’s Climate Plan , which aims to make the Paris Agreement a reality for the French, for Europe and for our diplomatic action. The Climate Plan set new, more ambitious objectives for the country, including achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Since the law of 8 November 2019 on energy and climate , this objective has now been enshrined in law.

Carbon neutrality is defined by the Energy-Climate Act as “a balance, on the national territory, between anthropogenic emissions by sources and anthropogenic absorptions by sinks of greenhouse gases”. In France, achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 implies a division by 6 of greenhouse gas emissions on its territory compared to 1990.

Concretely, this involves reducing France’s emissions to 80 MtCO2e compared to 458 MtCO2e in 2015 and 445 in 2018.

In 2018, French GHG emissions were 445 Mteq CO2/year . The agricultural sector represents the second largest GHG emissions sector with 19% of emissions or 85 Mteq CO2/year , behind the transport sector. From 1990 to 2018, the agricultural sector reduced its GHG emissions by 8%.

The main GHG emissions from agriculture come from:

• 45% of enteric CH4 emissions (enteric fermentation (ruminant digestion), effluent storage)
• 42% of N2O (nitrous oxide) emissions (nitrogen fertilizers, livestock effluents, crop residues)

13% of CO2 emissions (energy consumption (fuel oil, gas, electricity) on the farm: agricultural machinery, heated greenhouses, livestock buildings, milk tanks, etc.)

The 4 per 1000 initiative

The 4 per 1000 initiative was developed by INRA researchers at the end of the 20th century to restore soil fertility and trap greenhouse gases . It is based on a simple calculation: soils constitute the world’s largest stock of biological carbon – if we exclude the oceans and sedimentary rocks. By capturing CO2 from the air via photosynthesis, a plant absorbs carbon. If this plant decomposes in the soil, it returns its carbon to it in the form of organic matter. The soil is then enriched with carbon, and becomes more fertile and more resilient.

The amount of C contained in the atmosphere increases by 4.3 billion tons each year . The world’s soils contain 1,500 billion tons of C in the form of organic matter. If we increased the organic matter in agricultural soils by four grams per thousand grams of CO2 each year, we would be able to offset all the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the planet in one year. Scientists agree that the storage potential is enormous. We must therefore immediately allow “the living” to play a role as a climate shock absorber by storing carbon. Agriculture and forestry would constitute a major element of the global climate solution. This approach, in line with the agroecological project, requires a change in production methods and our relationship with nature. To increase carbon storage in agricultural soils, researchers recommend in particular the improvement of fertilization techniques, permanent soil cover, agroforestry , etc. Identifying and transmitting all these means to increase the capacity to trap carbon in soils requires the mobilization of all the stakeholders concerned.

The Low Carbon Label

The Low Carbon Label was created by Decree No. 2018-1043 of November 28, 2018. The Low Carbon Label can be awarded to projects that reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions . Projects benefiting from this label can be recognized for the quantities of greenhouse gases (called “emission reductions”) that they have helped to avoid the emission of or that they have helped to sequester. To benefit from the Low Carbon Label, a project must comply with a method approved by the Minister responsible for the environment. There are currently 6 methods approved in agriculture.

The Order of November 28, 2018 defines the benchmark for the “Low Carbon” label and in particular the operating conditions of the label, the terms of awarding the label to projects, the terms of approval of methods, as well as the terms of recognition of emission reductions.

The methods currently available (as of the end of December 2023) approved for the agricultural sector are as follows:

• Carbon Agri: Method for monitoring emission reductions in cattle and large-scale crop farming in accordance with the Low Carbon Label
• Orchard Plantation
• Hedge Method
• SOBAC ECO TMM: input management
• Ecomethane: Reduction of methane emissions of digestive origin through the feeding of dairy ruminants (Bleu Blanc Cœur)
• Large scale crops

At the end of December 2023, out of 880 projects have been labeled, but most correspond to afforestation and reforestation operations. In the agricultural sector for the following 3 identified methods, 89 projects have been labeled, distributed as follows:

• 10 projects concern the CARBON AGRI method
• 72 projects concern the GRANDES CULTURES method
• 7 projects concern the SOBAC ECO TMM method

Agrobiotop’s R&D axes

The research areas of the AGROBIOTOP company have focused and/or focus, since the creation of OXYBIOTOP (first R&D project opened in 2015), on:

1/ Research project on activated silica

• The development of knowledge on the processes of activation of mineral materials, in particular silica
• The development of a silica information and stabilization technology which led to the creation of a pilot production site, now the AGROBIOTOP production plant
• The implementation of measurement and quality control tools to guarantee the repeatability of the activation process
• The establishment of tools for measuring the effects of activated silica on soils

2/ Research project on the development of a concept based on the synergy of natural products in the field of nutrition and plant protection

• The study of the synergy of different products on crop performance and on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, and in particular their impact on soil C storage, as well as on the reduction of greenhouse gases in agriculture, by having carried out for example an LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) on its SILIBOOST product
• The development of a range of products and programs combining these products with the aim of substituting and/or reducing the use of synthetic chemical plant protection products and even certain products with a controversial toxicological and ecotoxicological profile in organic farming

3/ Research project on the manufacturing process of natural products and on the characterization of these products and the development of new products

• The development of a scientific database for the characterization of substances present in plant macerations used
• The demonstration of this characterization on the products
• The development of indicators for measuring and monitoring the consistency of the production process for plant maceration products
• Continuous improvement of the production process
• The development of other innovative products under a specific galenic aimed at nutrition or plant protection based on the needs identified in the field

Sources :

Monitoring note of the ECOPHYTO plan, year 2019-2020 of the Ministry of Agriculture, November 2021
https://deklic.eco/infographie-de-levolution-de-lagriculture-bio-en-france-un-coup-de-frein-des-perspectives-de-relance/
https://www.pleinchamp.com/actualite/2023-risque-d-etre-l-annee-du-recul-de-l-agriculture-bio-en-france
https://agriculture.gouv.fr/les-chiffres-de-lagriculture-biologique-en-2022
https://agriculture.gouv.fr/infographie-lagriculture-biologique
https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/