Apple trees, symbols of fertility and health, are faced with various diseases that can compromise their productivity and fruit quality. Accurate identification of these pathologies is essential for effective management. The biological approach to combating these diseases is gaining popularity, aiming to preserve both the orchards and the environment.
What are the main diseases of apple trees?
Apple scab
Scab , caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis , is one of the most widespread diseases. It appears as black or brown spots on leaves and fruits, which can lead to deformations. Humidity favors its development .
Apple powdery mildew
Powdery mildew, or apple powder, caused by the fungus Podosphaera leucotricha , is recognized by a white felting on the leaves, buds and sometimes the fruit. This disease reduces the vigor of the tree and the quality of the apples.
Apple canker
Canker, often caused by bacteria such as Erwinia amylovora , is characterized by lesions on the bark. The infected tissues form ulcers that can spread along the entire trunk, threatening the survival of the tree.
Rust mesh
Lattice rust, caused by the fungus Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae , appears as orange pustules on leaves and fruit. It requires an intermediate host, usually a juniper, to complete its life cycle.
How to biologically combat apple tree diseases?
Cultural practices
The first step in biological control involves proper cultural practices. This includes selecting resistant varieties, regular pruning to aerate the canopy, and removing plant debris to reduce sources of infection.
Biological control
The use of biological agents, such as certain antagonistic fungi and bacteria, can inhibit the development of diseases. For example, Bacillus subtilis is effective against scab.
Biopesticides
Biopesticides, derived from natural substances, offer an alternative to chemicals. Plant extracts and essential oils can be applied to control fungal and bacterial infections.
Integrated pest management
This approach combines different control methods, including regular monitoring of orchards, to detect signs of disease early and intervene in a targeted manner.
By adopting these biological control methods, apple growers can effectively protect their trees from diseases while preserving the environment. Intelligent and nature-friendly management is the key to maintaining healthy and productive orchards.
